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Jewish polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages
Jewish polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages were texts written to protect and dissuade Jewish communities from conversion to Christianity, or more rarely to Islam. The terms polemics (from "battles") and apologetics (from "defence") may be distinguished〔Robert Chazan ''Fashioning Jewish identity in medieval western Christendom'' Page 7 2004 "I have used the term “polemics” broadly, not distinguishing between defensive thrusts, sometimes identified as apologetic, and attacks on the opposing faith. With regard to the distinction between those works intended for insiders and those for outsiders, I also use the inclusive term polemics, although I sometimes tend to call the latter missionizing or proselytizing works."〕 but may also be considered somewhat subjective.〔''The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion'' Page 60 ed. Adele Berlin, Maxine Grossman - 2011 "Jewish apologetics is less “apologetic” than the term indicates. Occasionally, too, Jews have gone on the attack."〕 A smaller number of proselytizing text also exists intended to convert Christians, or more rarely Muslims, to Judaism.
==Under the pre-Christian and Christianizing Roman Empire==
Defences of Judaism to Greek, Egyptian and Roman religionists are found in Philo's ''Apology on behalf of the Jews'',〔''The Encyclopedia of Judaism'' ed. Geoffrey Wigoder - 1989 p68 "APOLOGETICS AND POLEMICS ... when Jewish writers sought to defend Judaism against the criticisms of Hellenism and paganism. Two noted works were Philo's Apology on behalf of the Jews and Against Apion by the historian Josephus, who vindicated the Jewish "〕 and Josephus' ''Against Apion'' as well as other Hellenistic Jewish authors.〔''Josephus' Contra Apionem: studies in its character and context'' Page 143 Louis H. Feldman, John R. Levison - 1996 Aryeh Kasher ''POLEMIC AND APOLOGETIC METHODS OF WRITING IN CONTRA APIONEM'' Tel-Aviv University. "Introductory words on the nature of polemics and apologetics - Josephus, admittedly, was not the first of the Jewish apologeticists"〕 In the early centuries following the emergence of Christianity from Judaism, but before Christianity's establishment as state religion by Constantine, mutual Jewish-Christian debate, polemics and apologetics occurred as for example in the words of Rabbi Tarfon〔''Essential papers on Judaism and Christianity in conflict: from Late Antiquity to the Reformation'' ed. Jeremy Cohen Page 448 1991 "Further, R. Tarfon regards these Jewish Christians as worse than idolaters; for while a pagan might embrace the new faith, it was a great source of frustration that Jews, raised in the traditions of Judaism, would have done so as .."〕 and, on the other side, Justin Martyr's ''Dialogue with Trypho,'' and the lost Dialogue of Jason and Papiscus (2nd century), and the later Dialogue of Athanasius and Zacchaeus (4th century), Dialogue of Simon and Theophilus (5th century), and Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila (6th century).
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